Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα or cachectin) is primarily produced as a 233-amino acid-long type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers. TNFα is produced by a wide variety of immune, epithelial, endothelial, and tumor cells. TNFα binds to two receptors: TNFR1 found in most tisuues and TNFR2 typically in cells of the immune system. TNFα has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor effects by initiating cellular apoptosis of malignant cells, but it is secreted by most tumors to facilitate cellular survival and enhance neoplastic proliferation as a pro-tumor inflammatory cytokine.
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